Economists identify three underlying forces that interact with land values to create spatial urban expansion or sprawl. First, population growth results in the outward expansion of urban areas sometime population decline also can be a precursor to sprawl. Second, rising incomes allow residents to purchase larger living space. Third, decreasing commuting costs produced by historical investments in transportation infrastructure also fuel outward expansion of development Brueckner, Infrastructure drives the growth of cities by providing the essential framework for residential development.
After new development takes place, residents then demand improvements in infrastructure that further ignites development along the urban fringe. Widespread access, provided by improvements in transportation infrastructure and relatively inexpensive gas prices, allows developers to utilize cheap land located outside the city center Gillham, Consequences While the literature identifies various social and economic consequences associated with urban sprawl, this article focuses on environmental problems.
Sprawl Reduction Policies. While the causes and consequences of sprawl may seem daunting, there are multiple policies and techniques that can reduce the proliferation of unsustainable growth patterns. Local planning policies can help guide growth in a more ecologically sustainable fashion and assist local communities in attaining the intended spatial design and land use intensities. Specifically, planning policies and techniques can help concentrate growth within targeted areas, restrain development from sprawling uncontrollably into rural settings, and help protect or restore a region's natural resource base.
References and Recommended Reading Benfield, F. Torrens, Paul. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 96 , Zhang, Tingwei.
Community features and urban sprawl: the case of the Chicago metropolitan region. Land Use Policy 18 , Share Cancel. Revoke Cancel. Keywords Keywords for this Article. Save Cancel. Flag Inappropriate The Content is: Objectionable. Flag Content Cancel. Email your Friend. Submit Cancel. This content is currently under construction. Explore This Subject. Topic rooms within Conservation and Restoration Close.
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It is also a major problem when it comes to political participation in the community. There are many solutions that can help to reduce the negative effects of urban sprawl. Some of these solutions include improving and reducing the need for transport, limiting the use of private cars, providing more public spaces, building communities rather than houses, and providing affordable housing in the city center.
These ideas should be enacted in the planning process for future developments to ensure social harmony and security in the long-term. Climate , Government , Science. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Pioneer News, Analysis and Philosophy. Urban Sprawl: A Growing Problem. What is Urban Sprawl? The Emergence of Urban Sprawl Urban sprawl started with the industrial revolution in the 19th century, when the economic and population growth facilitated the migration of people from rural to urban areas.
The Effects of Urban Sprawl Urban sprawl is a common type of development that has many negative effects on the environment, social life, and economy of cities. Environment The development of urban sprawl increases the need for transport and reduces the land available for agriculture. Social Life and Economy Urban sprawl has a negative impact on the social life of residents.
Political Disconnection Urban sprawl makes it difficult for people from different areas to participate in the democracy of our country. Improve and Reduce the Need for Transport Reducing the need for transport is one of the most effective solutions to reduce the negative effects of urban sprawl. Limit the Use of Private Cars Limiting the use of private cars and expanding public transportation systems is another way to reduce urban sprawl.
Provide More Public Spaces Providing more public spaces will help to create a sense of community and reduce instances of social segregation. Build Communities, Not Houses Building communities involves more than just building new houses. The suburban sprawl solution is tough, because it involves several things people don't want to do, including:. Some sophisticated but complex solutions have been devised.
For example, we like transfer of development rights programs where all conditions for success can be met. In short, it would be great if most people could afford to choose to live closer together in a more compact urban form to prevent physical growth from getting out of hand. Addressing the effects of sprawl and a dispersed development pattern requires high-quality community networking among central cities, suburbs, and exurban areas. Suburbs share some common interests, and working on suburban sprawl tends to bring those to the forefront.
If you are in a suburb that is the newest and best right now, but your metropolitan area continues to sprawl, soon enough it will be your housing that will be considered obsolete, your storefronts that will be vacant, and your sales taxes that no longer deliver the services.
If you are in the central city, consider devoting about a quarter of the time and effort of your neighborhood association to the issue of promoting compact development. The cost of suburban sprawl is simply too high.
Perhaps the most politically acceptable way to stop suburban sprawl is by promoting open space around the current edge of the built city. An actively sought and managed open space can be a positive rallying cry, and an engaging cause tends to be more riveting than constantly opposing what many people have been conditioned to see as progress.
So just be pro-green space, rather than anti-development, which your opponents can too easily translate into anti-prosperity and anti-growth and anti-progress. Most people think suburban sprawl means ugly or cheap development, but they do not associate it with where they live.
They think it has to do with bad architecture or something. But the effects of urban sprawl include a negative impact on regional economics and the suburban landscape. Now did you think we would be talking about metropolitan politics on a website about community development? When we get our communities organized, we would like to think that everything in a neighborhood can be resolved without interacting much with the outside world. Neighborhood action requires so much effort that many people are too exhausted to think about the dynamics of the entire city or metro region.
But many problems have to be addressed to your local government, or to your county government if you are not in an incorporated village, town, or city. And if folks live in a small town, they may not have thought about that "development all moved to the highway" phenomenon as suburban sprawl. But it's the same principle. Regional effectiveness impacts your urban form, or the physical shape of your metropolitan area, in two important ways, which are described below. This creates economic disparity and stratification based upon location.
It also creates funding problems for the core, which directly affects the money available for education, crime prevention, and maintenance and upkeep. This problem may not be as widespread as it has been in the past, but it's present nonetheless. People living in suburban areas are more likely to be obese than people living in urban areas. People living in suburban areas tend to rely on their vehicles more often, even for short trips, instead of walking or cycling.
This lower level of activity increases the risk of obesity, which can lead to other health problems such as heart disease, high-blood pressure and diabetes.
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