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Int J Biol Sci. Exosomes derived from human embryonic mesenchymal stem cells promote osteochondral regeneration. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. Stem cell Res Ther. The principles of humane experimental technique. London: Methuen; Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. HS and MK substantially revised the work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Miriam Kalbitz. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Reprints and Permissions. Weber, B. Modeling trauma in rats: similarities to humans and potential pitfalls to consider. J Transl Med 17, Download citation. Received : 27 February Accepted : 29 August Published : 05 September Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Trauma is the leading cause of mortality in humans below the age of Background Trauma is the leading cause of mortality in humans aged below 40 in high-income countries [ 1 , 2 ].
Coagulation system The blood coagulation system of the rat has long been investigated. Box 1. Full size image. Box 2. Box 3. Box 4. Skin and soft-tissue trauma Trauma is frequently associated with damage of skin and soft tissue.
Box 5. Learn how scientists made a rat supersmart—by modifying a single gene. All rights reserved. Share Tweet Email. Why it's so hard to treat pain in infants. This wild African cat has adapted to life in a big city. Animals Wild Cities This wild African cat has adapted to life in a big city Caracals have learned to hunt around the urban edges of Cape Town, though the predator faces many threats, such as getting hit by cars.
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Environment Planet Possible India bets its energy future on solar—in ways both small and big. Environment As the EU targets emissions cuts, this country has a coal problem. Paid Content How Hong Kong protects its sea sanctuaries. The sequence data also confirms that the rodent lineage split 12 to 24 million years ago into the separate lines that gave rise to the rat and to the mouse.
Researchers estimate about 50 chromosomal rearrangements occurred in each of the rodent lines after divergence from their common ancestor. The number of chromosomal rearrangements, as well as other types of genome changes, was found to be much lower in the primate lineage, indicating that evolutionary change has occurred at a faster rate in rodents than in primates.
The new analysis also underscores the fact that while rats and mice look very similar to the human eye, there are significant genomic differences between the two types of rodents.
For example, some aspects of genomic evolution in the rat appear to be accelerated when compared to the mouse. According to the new analysis, due to the unusually rapid expansion of selected gene families, rats possess some genes not found in the mouse, including genes involved in immunity, the production of pheromones chemicals involved in sexual attraction , the breakdown of proteins and the detection and detoxification of chemicals.
To achieve its goal of producing a high-quality draft sequence, the Rat Genome Sequencing Project developed a new, "combined" approach that used both whole genome shotgun WGS and bacterial artificial chromosome BAC clone sequencing techniques.
To merge these into the final draft sequence, the Baylor group developed the Atlas software package for genome assembly. The resulting genome sequence was contained in large segments, with a typical length of 19 million bases.
Moreover, the structure of the 3 percent of the genome that contains recent duplications - thought to be the regions in which many genes are "born" - was determined by the Atlas assembler. These statistics match or exceed other draft genome sequences.
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