They campaigned for an end to slavery and cruel sports. They were later called the Clapham Sect because so many of them lived in Clapham. The population of Scotland was about 1 million. The population of London was about , In the late 18th century it grew rapidly and by it was over 9 million. The population of London was almost 1 million. But most towns still had populations of less than 10, However, in the late 18th century new industrial towns in the Midland and the North of England mushroomed.
The population of Liverpool was about 77, in Birmingham had about 73, people and Manchester had about 70, Bristol had a population of about 68, Sheffield was smaller with 31, people and Leeds had about 30, people. Leicester had a population of about 17, in In the south Portsmouth had a population of about 32, in while Exeter had about 20, people. In the later 18th century bodies of men called Paving or Improvement Commissioners were formed in many towns.
They had the power to pave and clean the streets and sometimes to light them with oil lamps. Some also arranged collections of rubbish. Since most of it was organic it could be sold as fertilizer. During the 18th century, agriculture was gradually transformed by an agricultural revolution. Until seed was sown by hand. In that year Jethro Tull invented a seed drill, which sowed seed in straight lines. He also invented a horse-drawn hoe that hoed the land and destroyed weed between rows of crops.
Furthermore, until the 18th century, most livestock was slaughtered at the beginning of winter because farmers could not grow enough food to feed their animals through the winter months. Until the 18th century, most land in England was divided into 3 fields.
Each year 2 fields were sown with crops while the third was left fallow unused. The Dutch began to grow swedes or turnips on land instead of leaving it fallow. When they were harvested the turnips could be stored to provide food for livestock over the winter. Under the 3 field system, which still covered much of England, all the land around a village or small town, was divided into 3 huge fields.
Each farmer owned some strips of land in each field. During the 18th century land was enclosed. That means it was divided up so each farmer had all his land in one place instead of scattered across 3 fields. Enclosure allowed farmers to use their land more efficiently. Also in the 18th-century farmers like Robert Bakewell began scientific stock breeding selective breeding. Farm animals grew much larger and they gave more meat, wool, and milk.
There was little change in food in the 18th century. Despite the improvements in farming food for ordinary people remained plain and monotonous. For them, meat was a luxury. In the 18th-century drinking tea became common even among ordinary people. In the 18th century, a tiny minority of the population lived in luxury.
The rich built great country houses. A famous landscape gardener called Lancelot Brown created beautiful gardens. The leading architect of the 18th century was Robert Adam He created a style called neo-classical and he designed many 18th-century country houses. In 18th century Britain the wealthy owned comfortable upholstered furniture.
They owned beautiful furniture, some of it veneered or inlaid. In the 18th century, much fine furniture was made by Thomas Chippendale , George Hepplewhite? The famous clockmaker James Cox made exquisite clocks for the rich.
However the poor had none of these things. Craftsmen and laborers lived in 2 or 3 rooms. The poorest people lived in just one room. Their furniture was very simple and plain. In the 18th-century men wore knee-length trouser-like garments called breeches and stockings. They also wore waistcoats and frock coats. They wore linen shirts. Both men and women wore wigs and for men three-cornered hats were popular. Men wore buckled shoes. Women wore stays a bodice with strips of whalebone and hooped petticoats under their dresses.
Women in the 18th century did not wear knickers. Fashionable women carried folding fans. Traditional games remained popular in the 18th century. These included games such as chess, draughts, and backgammon. They also tennis and a rough version of football. It is believed dominoes was invented in China.
It reached Europe in the 18th century. Horse racing was carried on for centuries before the 18th century but at this time it became a professional sport. The Jockey Club was formed in The Derby began in For the well off card games and gambling were popular.
The theatre was also popular. On average, men tended to marry at 26 during this time, looking for specific attributes in a woman to be considered as his future wife. These qualities included: the typical household wife of maid, mother and caregiver, as well as a youthful looking woman who was wise with a decent holy background. Entertainment Sports. The English were an outdoors people when it came to sport. Ice skating in winter months was extremely common, and during the summer months, swimming and water sports reigned supreme.
Boating for the purpose of fishing, picnicking, and watching regattas was all very popular. During fall months, hunting took a big role in many lives where the main game was dear and certain birds. Horse races have been documented since until the Jockey Club was officially founded in Many denounced the racing due to it being a distraction to labor that needed to be done, but the protest had little to no effect.
Leaning towards the middle of the century, cricket started gaining increasing popularity due to its viability with both men and women of all classes. Along with cricket, other organized sports included tennis, golf, and lawn bowling. Plays Almost everyone enjoyed the theater whether it be watching it in the city, travelling companies, or performing in their own home. It was a scathing social satire that included the poor and alienated the rich.
With the increase in theater popularity, many theaters renovated and put on multiple shows. The audiences were various and a lot of the time were rude to the point where they would throw produce at the actors if they were unhappy with what they had seen. Other Entertainment Art shows were another source of pleasure for various people of all ages.
Wax figures, sculptures, and paintings were all popular. Public fairs were immensely popular, ranging anywhere from two to six weeks.
Fireworks, music, plays, animal fights, eating competitions, and gambling could all be found at various fairs. Assemblies and balls offered young people an opportunity for courtship.
The price of admission sorted out the very poor and distinguished the rest by their respective social class. Women loved the aspect of dancing and gossiping about the men in attendance and the mothers enjoyed the matchmaking idea of it all. Clubs and societies offered mostly men a place to meet others with common interests. Coffeehouses saw some of the greatest thinkers of the 18th century gather and discuss everything from sports to philosophy. The Freemasons were founded in and included most of the male royals by the end of the century.
Gambling and card games became other large sources of entertainment for the public. It was very common to bet on various sporting events where huge sums of money were sometimes gambled away in one sitting. The government did not want to penalize its own members who gambled so it made life difficult on working class game house owners. Whether or not they were gambled on, games were played by everyone.
The most notable of them being backgammon, chess, checkers, and cribbage. Some of the more violent forms of entertainment came in the form of animal torture and fighting where many gathered around to see the carnage that ensued.
Fighting between humans were considered all in good fun including the emergence of boxing and wrestling. Alcohol also became popular during this time with the liquor of choice being gin. It was cheap and easy to make, and you did not need a license to sell it, making it a hot commodity during this time. The downside to bottom shelf liquor was the affects it had on your health. Many people suffered greatly from the overabundance of gin, but for many poor people it had become almost a comfort to them.
People of upper class generally never bothered with things like homemade gin, due to the fact that they could afford better quality liquor. Literary References : No citations in body of page. Victoria and Albert Museum, Olsen, Kirstin.
Daily Life in 18th-century England. Westport, CT: Greenwood, Lambert, Tim. Lehmberg, Stanford E. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Pub. British Library Board, n. Web 02 Dec. Plymouth Ancestors, n. Media References. Diniejko, Andrzej, and D. Sarudy, Barbara Wells.
Family Life The family lives of people were separated by two distinctions: roles for men versus roles for women, and social class. Role of Women and Men Women had to take on various roles in the household during the 17th and 18th centuries.
They were responsible for running the household, and for more affluent families, managing the servants. Women, or mothers, were also responsible for raising and educating their children. In addition, they were responsible for cooking and feeding the family. This required women to be well-educated in medicinal and culinary uses of herbs and plants, needlework, reading, and writing. In general, women had very few rights and experienced oppression at the hands of the patriarchy. Housework was particularly taxing due to the lack of modern cleaning methods.
The mother of the household would often have many children because not many children were able to survive early childhood. Typically, most mothers had up to eight children, in hopes that some would survive and be able to work for the family. High infant mortality rates was a major issue during this time. The average life expectancy in England was about years old.
It was assumed that if a man or a woman reached the age of 30, they would probably only live for another 20 year. The infant and child mortality rates during the late 17th century and 18th century had a serious impact on the average life expectancy.
Tracing your family history in the 18th century is a challenge because it is before the introduction of key family history resources such as census records and civil registration of birth, marriage and death records. However, these websites are a great way of discovering more about the 18th century and tracing family history records throughout the period. London Lives brings together 15 18th century datasets formed from all kinds of documents housed in eight London archives. ScotlandsPlaces represents a gateway into researching 18th century Scottish ancestry.
Perhaps the most useful of the various tax records here are the 18th century land tax rolls spanning — Also called cess or valuation rolls, these were compiled for each county, listing landowners and assessing the rental values. Other tax rolls include the carriage tax — , clock and watch — , female servant — , male servant — , window — and dog — You can explore the records by place name, map or postcode.
Masters did not have to pay stamp duty on Poor Law apprentices, and records of these normally survive at local archives. This is a searchable catalogue of more than 14, cause papers relating to cases heard between and in the church courts of the diocese of York.
In the 18th century, church courts had jurisdiction over cases involving matrimony, defamation, tithe , probate , breach of faith and church rights.
0コメント